Abstract: While there is broad consensus about the relevance of open and distance learning (ODL) to the teaching and learning delivery in higher education, there is limited research about the challenges facing distance learning institutions, especially those with pre-service teacher training. South Africa is one of the countries in Africa with strong open and distance learning system, with thousands of individuals obtaining their teaching qualifications annually. As established in literature, the training of sufficient teaching manpower for the continent of Africa might require the building of one new university per week for the next twenty years, had open and distance learning system not discovered. However, this review identified many challenges in the ODL based pre-service teacher training, especially in the areas of learners’ support system, communication and feedback, school-based mentoring of student teachers, as well as meeting the needs of students that are living with disabilities. The paper recommends some measures for stakeholders to strengthen ODL based pre-service teacher training so that it meets the 21st century demand for quality teachers.

Abstract: International, 40% of males stand initiated, customarily aimed at spiritual reasons. In popular several African communities, man removal of foreskin is conceded, obtainable intended for traditional purposes, mainly by way of a circumcision custom and a ceremony of path for male hood. The process here raised towards by way of modern man initiation stands regularly accomplished in a non-medical situation through an old-fashioned supplier with no official remedial profession. Once conceded out as a ritual of passageway into male hood, old-style man circumcision is largely accomplished on youngsters (Lowane, N.E., 2021). Traditional benefactors will remain to be a significant basis of initiation for several men in in our country, Research will be based on initiation, whether on medical male circumcision or tradition male circumcision (MMC or TMC), being elimination completely portion of the penis flesh on the penis. The aforementioned may also stand accomplished medically or surgically at hospitals or on circumcision places. Circumcision colleges execute this practice by way of an old-fashioned ceremony of passageway starting childhood to men then it mentioned towards by means of old-style man initiation (TMC). Circumcision exercise takes active even in nowadays has been accomplished only intended for customary or spiritual order, nevertheless the aforementioned cannot at all extended remain regarded lone by way of circumcision. The aforementioned should, instead, likewise remain understood by means of degree towards control the extent of the (HIV/AIDS) disaster. A sum of research lessons institute that initiated males consumed slighter probabilities of constricting AID contamination matched through uninitiated males. According to Palmer, E., Marais, L. and Engelbrecht, M., (2022). ritual circumcision in our country has no impact on social, politics and other sectors of government. This article will to contribute significantly to the implementation of the South African TMCA in the province of EC for study research on traditional male circumcision. Firstly, finding researched work on the issue of TMC is very difficult because there is so much secrecy about this traditional practice to an extent that information is mostly found in newspapers (Mellor, D., 2021). The research done by the World Health Organisation (WHO n.d) examined the practice of TMC in SouthAfrica, Eastern Cape. However, while pointing to some policy issues, it did not address the policy implementation in relation to the Traditional Male Circumcision Policy itself. The main focus of the study is to gain better understanding of the implementation of traditional circumcision policy, the government intervention on the practice and creating synergy between medical, traditional male circumcision and the law governing circumcision.