Abstract: Prevotella intermedia is a gram negative anaerobic microorganism redefined and renamed as Prevotella nigrescens (formerly Prevotella intermedia type I) and Prevotella intermedia (formerly Prevotella intermedia type II). The frequency of occurrence of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens in the oral cavity has been reported with various percentages and the pathogenity of each is suggested to be different. P. intermedia was reported to be found more frequently in periodontal pockets and P. nigrescens in other lesions such as pericoronitis and apical abcesses. The purpose of this study was to determine the detection frequencies of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens in localized aggressive periodontitis lesions. \nSubgingival plaque samples were collected from 83 lesions of 13 localized aggressive periodontitis patients with an age range of 14 to 25 were analyzed by using dot blot hybridization method. We used synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to the hypervariable region of 16S rRNA of P. intermedia ATCC 25611 and P. nigrescens ATCC 33563. The detection frequencies of both species increased as the attachment level increased and 45% of the samples harbored both species while 9% harbored only P. intermedia and 37% harbored only P. nigrescens. \nThe results of this study is contradictory to the previous reports regarding the lower detection frequency of P. nigrescens in periodontal pockets and suggests that the racial differences may play a role on the occurrence of certain species in periodontal pockets.

Abstract: The article analyses the development of environmental approach to explore personalitys well-being, health and happiness systems in psychology and education. Revision of one hundred sources about the environmental approach allowed us to reveal the main trends in the development of theoretical and applied areas in psychology, psychotherapy and education. Different viewpoints on interaction mechanisms in the person-environment system in the article were examined. They are congruence theories of person-environment interaction (Kahana, 1982), Dynamic features and person-environmental resources conception of Moos (1991), Four-front approach of Wright and Lopez (2002) and Engagement model of person-environment interaction of Neufeld et al. (2006). The current state of the environmental approach in applied areas of psychology and education focuses on the conditions, which should provide personalitys harmonious development, and allow removing or minimization stress factors that violate personal well-being. These conditions, in general, presuppose an orientation toward the natural environment as a resource for the human psyche as well as the active inclusion of a person in the care of the environment and formation of ecological consciousness. The review of inter-level representations current state interactions in the person-environment system covers the fields of intercultural psychology, geographical psychology, ecological psychology and environmental psychotherapy. In conclusion, modern person-environment system representation was shown. It contributes preservation and restoration to personalitys well-being and mental health system, assumes a person position as an active subject of interaction with environment. It is important to perceive nature as a harmony and health source for modern person who lives mostly in built environment and to develop ecological consciousness that means to take responsibility for the environment.

Abstract: Physical abuse is a leading cause of serious head injury in infants. The true incidence of this global health problem is difficult to calculate, due to a multitude of factors such as the degree of suspicion, accuracy in reporting, and the unavailability of autopsy studies in some countries. Identifying child abuse can also be a double-edged sword; Developed countries that have structured child protection services tend to have more discrete abuse, while countries with more apparent abuse are unfortunately often the ones without proper protective services. Preventing child abuse is a challenging public health goal, and developing countries must first identify the magnitude of the problem within their community to properly address this issue. We as Ophthalmologists believe that ophthalmic examination in suspected child abuse cases is of significant importance due to the presence of specific and objective findings, which we discuss in the following review in terms of history, incidence, and pathophysiology. These findings should raise a high level of suspicion of child abuse, and will help identify these cases with minimal delay. Subsequently, we hope this further raises awareness of this unfortunate public health crisis amongst health practitioners, and eventually the community as a whole. Ultimately, these findings will assist us in developing strategies to increase the identification and reporting of child abuse, which should in turn lead to increased protection of children, and develop an open communication platform between families, physicians, and necessary government services.